To many, George Bush’s $2 billion border fence will be but another testament to the futility of walls. In the face of persistent adversaries and technological advances, each of history’s more notable barriers have proven obsolete over time. The 1500 mile Chinese wall was penetrated at least three times, most famously by the Mongols in the 13th century. The 300 mile Roman barrier of Limes was useless against the mass migration of Huns and Goths after the late 4th century, while only Hadrian’s wall could claim some efficacy, until its garrison withdrew abruptly for the defence of Rome. And of course, the Maginot and Siegfried lines were spectacular failures.
While the United States has long imported oil and other raw materials from the third world, we used to import manufactured goods mainly from other rich countries like Canada, European nations and Japan.
African governments have signed economic partnership agreements with the European Union ‘‘under duress’’, according to Dr Rob Davies, South Africa’s deputy trade and industry minister.
Forty-five donor countries have pledged 25.1 billion dollars for the bank's International Development Association (IDA). This brings to 41.6 billion dollars the total available for cheap loans and grants to some 80 impoverished countries between mid-2008 and 2011 -- an increase of 9.5 billion dollars over the current three-year budget.
An Independent People's Tribunal on the World Bank Group in India held in New Delhi gave the first ever opportunity to affected people, experts and academics from about 60 grassroots civil society groups to be heard by a jury of eminent and distinguished retired judges, social workers and public leaders. Excerpts from jury's preliminary findings.